Circuits of emotion in the primate brain
نویسندگان
چکیده
~250 Words) Circuits of emotion comprise a multitude of subcortical and cortical structures of the primate brain, and can be conceptualized as a series of nested circuits. The core circuit of emotion contains structures that are mainly subcortical and phylogenetically older. These structures initiate autonomic and motor responses associated with the expression of emotion. Changes in attention and vigilance are also intrinsic components of these responses. Structures overlaying the core circuit (i.e. intermediate structures) are fully or partially corticalized, and phylogenetically newer. They combine information about external stimuli with internal signals, producing a single representation that contributes to the evaluation of and response to emotional events. Several additional structures are incorporated into an extended emotional circuit that provides further information to intermediate structures about the emotional content of stimuli, expected outcomes, and contextual contingencies that determine behavioral options under changing circumstances. The amygdala a structure central to emotional processing – is comprised of nuclei associated with core or intermediate circuits. The centromedial (subcortical) nuclei are among the core structures; they are closely linked to autonomic and somatic effectors. The basolateral (cortical) nuclei are part of the intermediate structures that evaluate the emotional significance of incoming stimuli, modulate attention and memory in affiliate cortical structures, and signal the appropriate behavioral options to core structures. Examples of the dissociation between core and intermediate nuclei of the amygdala are described. The picture that emerges when evaluating these nested loops is that, regardless of phylogenetic age, structures are recruited to aid in the evaluation of and behavior towards stimuli that are meaningful for that species. The outcomes of evaluation are borne out in immediate behaviors and in long term changes such as memory formation and trait changes in levels of stress or anxiety. Together, the nested circuits that enact short and long-term changes in the individual underlie the complex social repertoire of primates.
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